ABSTRACT
Resumen El descubrimiento de la técnica CRISPR/CAS 9 de edición genética abre importantes horizontes para la investigación científica. Los problemas éticos, jurídicos y sociales que pueden importar su aplicación a humanos son inmensos, lo que justifica un amplio debate social. El trabajo indaga sobre los temas más significativos que podría incluir tal debate.
Abstract The discovery of the CRISPR/CAS 9 genetic engineering technique opens up important new horizons for scientific research. The ethical, legal and social problems that can be applied to humans are immense, and justify a broad social debate. The present study looks at the most significant issues that might be included in such a debate.
Resumo O descobrimento da técnica CRISPR/CAS 9 de edição genética abre importantes horizontes para a pesquisa científica. Os problemas éticos, jurídicos e sociais que podem surgir com a aplicação em humanos são enormes, o que justifica um debate social amplo. O trabalho indaga sobre os temas mais significativos que poderiam ser incluídos em tal debate.
Subject(s)
Bioethics , Genetic Therapy , Decision Making , Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats , Gene Editing , MoralsABSTRACT
El descubrimiento de la técnica CRISPR/CAS9 de edición genética abre importantes horizontes a la investigación científica. Los problemas éticos, jurídicos y sociales que pueden importar su aplicación a humanos son inmensos, lo que justifica un amplio debate social. El trabajo indaga sobre los temas más significativos que podría incluir tal debate
The discovery of the CRISPR/CAS9 genetic editing technique opens important horizons for scientific research. The ethical, legal and social problems that can affect their application to humans are immense, which justifies a wide social debate. This paper investigates the most significant issues that could include such debate
Subject(s)
Humans , Gene Editing/instrumentation , Genomics/methods , Genetic Engineering/methods , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/prevention & control , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Gene Editing/ethics , Gene Editing/legislation & jurisprudence , Bioethics/trends , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/ethicsABSTRACT
Argentine has a new Civil and Commercial Code that will enter into force in August. This Code contains a series of rules relating to bioethics that have served to illustrate a brief comment on its contents.
Subject(s)
Bioethical Issues/legislation & jurisprudence , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Argentina , Codes of Ethics , HumansABSTRACT
El pasado octubre se cumplían diez años de la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos dela UNESCO, documento que resultó crucial para la Bioética. Fruto de una prolija elaboración en cuyo proceso se produjeron controversias y debates, mostrando nuevos caminos a recorrer. Todo ello ha llevado al autor a realizar un primer análisis sobre sus logros y sus metas de futuro (AU)
During the last October, we celebrated the 10th anniversary of The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO. This Declaration was particularly important for bioethics discourse. The result of a meticulous preparation process in which there were controversies and debates, showing new paths to follow. All of this has led the author to make a first analysis of their achievements and future goals (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , International Acts/ethics , International Acts/legislation & jurisprudence , Bioethics , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Biodiversity , UNESCO , Poverty/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Promotion/ethics , Health Promotion/legislation & jurisprudence , Malnutrition/epidemiology , Literacy , Legislation, EnvironmentalABSTRACT
La República Argentina cuenta con una nuevo Código Civil y Comercial que entrará en vigo en agosto próximo. Dicho Código contiene una serie de normas vinculadas con la bioética que han servido para ilustrar un breve comentario sobre sus contenidos (AU)
Argentine has a new Civil and Commercial Code that will enter into forcé in August. This code contains a series of rules relating to bioethics that have served to illustrate a brief comment on its contents (AU)
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Codes of Ethics/legislation & jurisprudence , Bioethics/trends , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/ethics , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/instrumentation , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudence , Biotechnology/ethics , Biotechnology/legislation & jurisprudence , Patents as Topic/ethics , Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Biotechnology/instrumentation , Biotechnology/standards , Informed Consent/ethics , Informed Consent/legislation & jurisprudence , Informed Consent/standardsABSTRACT
The patenting of human genes has generated considerable controversy, both in the doctrinal field and in the legal and administrative. In the core countries, particularly the USA and the European Union, a favourable criterion to patentability has been increasing, contrasting with the criteria adopted by Latin American countries, which almost unanimously banned the patentability of genes and gene sequences. This issue not only has legal connotations, but also ethical issues come into play. Particularly in the USA, the recent decision of the Supreme Court in the Myriad case is part of a pro-patent movement, even when its superficial reading seems to be oriented in the opposite direction. In the European Union, the criterion that favours human intervention, whatever its gravitation in the results, tips the balance in favour of patentability.
ABSTRACT
La Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la UNESCO de 2005 significó un punto de corte entre la bioética clásica, desprovista de una visión social y política, con la nueva bioética que ubica al hombre en un escenario global junto a sus semejantes y a los demás integrantes de la biósfera. A diez años de su vigencia el artículo relata sus antecedentes, así como el valor jurídico, político y social de la Declaración, subrayando sus aportes más significativos y concluyendo con una visión del futuro...
The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO, on 2005, represents a radical change between the classical bioethics, devoid of a social and political view, and the new bioethics witch inserts man into a global stage with their peers and other components of the biosphere. Ten years after its entry into force, the paper relates its history, as well as its social and political value of the Declaration, highlighting its more significant contributions and concluding with a vision of the future...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Bioethics , Human Rights , State , Social Justice , Social Medicine , Enacted Statutes , Health Promotion , Social Responsibility , Ethics , Health Services Accessibility , Social Planning , Poverty , PolicyABSTRACT
El artículo discute aspectos ético-jurídicos de la sentencia de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos (EUA) sobre la patentabilidad de los genes humanos, en juzgamiento ocurrido en Junio de 2013. Presenta los antecedentes del caso bien como, en líneas generales, sitúa el debate actual sobre la patentabilidad genética humanos. La discusión informa acerca del conflicto judicial desarrollado en los EUA en virtud de posiciones distintas y discrepantes sobre la cuestión de las patentes, estableciendo comentarios a la decisión de la Corte. Delante de los hechos y argumentos presentados la conclusión critica la sentencia, demostrando que la propiedad industrial está en el centro de las negociaciones sobre patentes y que la presión de los intereses comerciales sobrepuja hasta mismo los valores humanos.
O artigo discute aspectos ético-jurídicos da sentença da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos (EUA) sobre patenteamento de genes humanos, em julgamento ocorrido em junho de 2013. Apresenta os antecedentes do caso, bem como, em linha gerais, situa o debate atual sobre a patentabilidade genética humana. A discussão informa acerca do conflito judicial nos EUA em decorrência de posições distintas e discrepantes sobre a questão patentária, comentando a decisão da Corte. Diante dos fatos e argumentos apresentados a conclusão critica a sentença, demonstrando que a propriedade industrial está no centro das negociações sobre patentes e que a pressão dos interesses comerciais sobrepuja até mesmo os valores humanos.
The article discusses ethical and legal aspects of the judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States (U.S.) on the patentability of human genes in trial occurred in June of 2013. Presents the background of the case as well, in general, places the current debate on human genetics patentability. The discussion reports on the judicial conflict developed in the U.S. under different and conflicting positions on the issue of patents, establishing commenting on the decision of the Court. Ahead of the facts and arguments conclude criticizes the judgment, showing that industrial property is at the center of negotiations on patent and pressure surpasses commercial interests to the same human values.
Subject(s)
United States , Commerce , Patent , Supreme Court Decisions , Ethics , Genes , Genetics , Legislation as TopicABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Genetic Testing/legislation & jurisprudence , Genetic Testing/trends , Genetic Testing , Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Health/standards , Health/trends , Precision Medicine/methods , Precision Medicine/standards , Precision MedicineABSTRACT
De diversos foros se vem reclamando como tema central na agenda dos países subdesenvolvidos a repartição equitativa de benefícios da ciência. Hoje o mundo vive um processo notável no que se refere ao avanço das ciências e tecnologias. Não obstante, os benefícios que deles derivam seconcentram no Norte. A iniquidade na repartição de benefícios aumenta o hiato que separa os países desenvolvidos dos subdesenvolvidos, o que, em definitivo, impõe maior dependência. Isto, além de ser um problema político, tem profundas implicações bioéticas, o que justifica que aDeclaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco, de 2005, se refira reiteradamente a ele. A privatização e a mercantilização do conhecimento conspiram decididamente contra o desenvolvimento econômico e humano do Sul, vulnerando o nível de vida de suas populações.
Desde diversos foros se viene reclamando como un tema central en la agenda de los países subdesarrollados el reparto equitativo de los beneficios de la ciencia. Hoy el mundo vive un proceso notable en lo que se refiere al avance de las ciencias y las tecnologías. No obstante, losbeneficios que de ello derivan se concentran en el Norte. La inequidad en el reparto de los beneficios acrecienta la brecha que separa a los países desarrollados de los subdesarrollados, lo que en definitiva impone una mayor dependencia. Esto, a la par de ser un problema político tieneprofundas implicancias bioéticas, lo que justifica que la Declaración Universal de la UNESCO de 2005 se refiera reiteradamente a él. La privatización y la mercantilización del conocimiento conspiran decididamente contra el desarrollo económico y humano del Sur, vulnerando el nivel de vida de sus pobladores.
In many forums has been claimed the need of establishing as a central topic in the agenda of the underdeveloped countries the equitable distribution of the benefits of science. Nowadays, the world is enjoying a remarkable process about science and technology progress. Nevertheless, benefits yielded from it concentrate in the North. The inequity in the distribution of benefits increases the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries, which ultimately causes greater dependence. This, besides being a political problem has also deep consequences for bioethics, which justifies UNESCO?s Universal Declaration on Bioethics of 2005 referring to it repeatedly. The mercantile approach and privatization of knowledge strongly conspire against economic and human development in the South, infringing the standard of living of its people.
Subject(s)
Knowledge , Equity , Equity in the Resource Allocation , Equity in Access to Health Services , Moral Obligations , Intellectual Property , Technology , Ethics, ResearchABSTRACT
The decision of the United States Supreme Court in the Chakrabarty case marked the beginning of a far reaching process, the development of which considerably extended the field of patentabiltiy of humans, their body parts and genetic information. The author believes that a period of three decades is sufficient to draw conclusions. A critical point has been reached from a debatable decision, which had more economic support than legal, which requires serious recapitulation of the scope and the purpose of industrial property rights.
Subject(s)
Biotechnology/legislation & jurisprudence , Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Time Factors , United StatesABSTRACT
O objetivo do artigo é discutir o uso de células tronco embrionárias em pesquisa científica, apresentando inicialmente as duas primeiras correntes de opinião que articulam os juízos morais sobre o assunto. Focaliza como cerne dessa discussão o estatuto do embrião, discutindo o pressuposto moral que pretende atribuir a esse organismo a condição de pessoa. Discute a seguir a liberdade para a investigação científica a qual compara ao direito à liberdade de pensamento, princípio observado nas sociedades ocidentais. Conclui apontando as diferenças entre os embriões fecundados no ventre materno e os obtidos por meio de técnicas de pesquisa, apontando a diferença entre essas circunstâncias e suas características inerentes.
Subject(s)
Civil Rights/ethics , Embryonic Structures , FreedomABSTRACT
El presente texto se centra en el artículo 14 de la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la UNESCO del 19-10-05, que incluye entre los principios de la bioética al de la Responsabilidad Social y Salud, lo que a mi juicio importa un significativo avance tendiente a ampliar el campo asignado a la disciplina, con el tratamiento de temassociales y económicos vinculados directa o indirectamente con la salud
Subject(s)
Human Rights/classification , Human Rights/history , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Rights , United Nations/ethics , United NationsABSTRACT
Although the United Nation's Declaration on the Cloning of Human Beings has prohibited the cloning of human beings, the narration of the norm has not meant a strict and clear prohibition of the ban. Additionally, the text was not adopted by a wide majority of the member States and that means that it is a mere declaratory text that leaves open the debate on therapeutic cloning.
Subject(s)
Cloning, Organism/ethics , Codes of Ethics , United Nations , HumansABSTRACT
La evolución operada en genética humana a partir de la década de los cincuenta, actuó como disparador enmúltiples campos, en especial en los referidos a la bioética y al derecho. Muchos de los avances realizados pueden rozar la dignidad del hombre, a la par que impulsan la creación de nuevos derechos humanos. En base a ello se analizan los impactos más significativos de la nueva genética sobre la sociedad: el peligro de una nueva eugenesia, la discriminación por razones genéticas, el manejo de la información genética, los problemas derivados de la investigación sobre el genoma, la apropiación del material genético humano; marcando algunos senderos a recorrer, a modo de conclusión.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Bioethics , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Genetics/legislation & jurisprudence , Genetics/ethicsABSTRACT
No disponible
